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There are two parts to most protocols:
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static
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what the packets look like, what kind of error checksum is
used whether ASCII or EBCDIC is used and little or big-endian integers, etc.
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dynamic
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what the sequence of packets is, how fast do they arrive, how
do streams of packets get synchronized? Who goes first? How is the stream
terminated? How do packets get shuffled through gateways to their proper
destination?
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All of this has to be spelled out in absolute unambiguous detail in order
for communication to succeed.
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