1. Review the history of input and output and learn some basic terms like port number, contact pad, dip switch, plug 'n play, and interoperability.
2. Go through an example of a tape reader and create a protocol for controlling it and transfering data between it and the CPU.
3. Write a simple assembler program that polls the tape reader.
4. Investigate timing issues and learn about blocking.
5. Return to the ideas of protocols and standards.
6. Learn how the operating system communicates with the devices through special subprograms called device drivers.
7. Learn what a controller is and how it helps simplifies the operating system's task of communicating with devices.
8. Learn about memory mapped IO and differentiate it from isolated IO.
9. Write some decoder logic to implement memory mapped IO.

This chapter is self-contained.